WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF संस्कृत !

Let's begin with the vowels, semivowels and the consonants of संस्कृत. 
संस्कृत language has :

• 5 short vowels - र्हस्व-  अ , इ , उ , ऋ , ऌ 
• 8 long vowels - दीर्घ- आ , ई , ऊ , ॠ , ए , ऐ , ओ , औ
• 9 protracted vowels - प्लुत- आ३ , ई३ , ऊ३ , ॠ३ , ऌ३ , ए३ , ऐ३ , ओ३ , औ३
• The 2 स्वराश्रित-vowels " ं"- अनुस्वार and " ः"- विसर्ग. They both occur only after a vowel.
• 33 consonants - व्यञ्जन- as shown in the adjoining image.

1. 1st row = 'Gutturals' = क-वर्ग
2. 2nd row = 'Palatals' = च-वर्ग
3. 3rd row = 'Linguals'/'Cerebrals' = ट-वर्ग
4. 4th row = 'Dentals' = त-वर्ग
5. 5th row = 'Labials' = प-वर्ग
6. 6th row = 'Semivowels'
7. 7th row = 'Sibilants'
8. 8th row = 'Sonant-Aspirate'

Note: ळ is a consonant used only in वेद-संस्कृत.